Minoxidil

Melting point: 272-274 °C

Storage temp: 2-8°C

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, soluble in methanol and in propylene glycol.

Form: Solid

Color: White

Water Solubility: Soluble in water (2.2 mg/ml), 100% ethanol (29 mg/ml), propylene glycol, acetone, DMSO (6.5 mg/ml), and methanol.

Stability: Stable for 2 years from date of purchase as supplied. Protect from moisture. Solutions in DMSO or ethanol may be stored at -20°C for up to 3 months.

1.Cell Experiment

Solubility in Ethanol : 7.14 mg/mL (34.12 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 5 mg/mL (23.89 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

H2O : 1 mg/mL (4.78 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 50°C)

Preparing Stock Solutions:

Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of the stock solution based on the solubility of the product in different solvents. Once the solution is prepared, aliquot and store it to avoid product failure caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and duration of the stock solution:-80℃: 2 years; -20℃: 1 year. When stored at -80°C, use within 2 years; when stored at -20°C, use within 1 year.

2.Animal Experiment

Please select an appropriate dissolution protocol based on your experimental animals and route of administration. For all the following protocols, first prepare a clear stock solution according to the In Vitro method, and then add co-solvents sequentially:

To ensure the reliability of experimental results, the clear stock solution can be stored appropriately according to the storage conditions. For in vivo working solutions, it is recommended to prepare them freshly on the day of use. The percentage indicated before each solvent refers to its volume ratio in the final solution. If precipitation or crystallization occurs during preparation, heating and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent in the following order: 50% PEG300  50% Saline

Solubility: 5 mg/mL (23.89 mM); Clear solution; Requires sonication

Protocol 2

Add each solvent in the following order: PBS

Solubility: 1.96 mg/mL (9.37 mM); Clear solution; Requires sonication and warming to 60 °C

Protocol 3

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% EtOH  40% PEG300  5% Tween‑80  45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 7.1 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix well. Then add 50 μL Tween‑80 and mix again. Finally, add 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 4

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% EtOH  90% (20% SBE‑β‑CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 7.1 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE‑β‑CD in saline and mix well.

Protocol 5

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% EtOH  90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (3.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Note: This protocol is not suitable for experiments lasting longer than two weeks.

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 7.1 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL corn oil and mix well.

Protocol 6

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% DMSO  40% PEG300  5% Tween‑80  45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 5.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix well. Then add 50 μL Tween‑80 and mix again. Finally, add 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 7

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% DMSO  90% (20% SBE‑β‑CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 5.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE‑β‑CD in saline and mix well.

Protocol 8

Add each solvent in the following order: 10% DMSO  90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (2.39 mM, saturation unknown).

Note: This protocol is not suitable for experiments lasting longer than two weeks.

Example for 1 mL working solution:

Add 100 μL of 5.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL corn oil and mix well.

Minoxidil is an orally effective direct acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Minoxidil is also used topically to treat androgenetic alopecia. Microcirculatory blood flow in animals is enhanced or maintained in all systemic vascular beds. In man, forearm and renal vascular resistance decline; forearm blood flow increases while renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are preserved. The predominant site of minoxidil action is arterial. Venodilation does not occur with minoxidil; thus, postural hypotension is unusual with its administration. The antihypertensive activity of minoxidil is due to its sulphate metabolite, minoxidil sulfate.

Minoxidil is thought to promote the survival of human dermal papillary cells (DPCs) or hair cells by activating both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt and by preventing cell death by increasing the ratio of BCl-2/Bax. Minoxidil may stimulate the growth of human hairs by prolonging anagen through these proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs. Minoxidil, when used as a vasodilator, acts by opening adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. This vasodilation may also improve the viability of hair cells or hair follicles.